Learn More about 5.45x39mm Ammo
History of the 5.45x39mm Cartridge
The 5.45x39mm cartridge was introduced in the 1970s as the Soviet Union’s answer to NATO’s 5.56mm round. With the U.S. adopting the 5.56mm cartridge for the M16 rifle during the Vietnam War, the Soviets sought to develop a smaller, lighter cartridge to increase firepower and reduce soldier fatigue.
By 1974, the 5.45x39mm round was paired with the new AK-74 rifle, replacing the 7.62x39mm cartridge in frontline service. Its design focused on increased velocity, reduced recoil, and improved wounding potential. The cartridge features a slim profile, lightweight construction, and a unique bullet shape with a hollow cavity at the tip for enhanced terminal performance.
Practical Uses for the 5.45x39mm
The 5.45x39mm cartridge excels in both military and civilian contexts.
Military Use: Designed for the AK-74 platform, the round offers soldiers improved accuracy and lighter ammunition loads. It is effective for both close-quarters combat and engagements at medium ranges.
Civilian Market: In the U.S., 5.45x39mm has become popular among AK enthusiasts. Its reduced recoil and affordability make it a favorite for recreational shooting and training. Rifles like the AK-74 and AR-15 variants chambered in 5.45x39mm provide civilian shooters with a unique option.
Comparison to 5.56mm
The 5.45x39mm and 5.56mm NATO rounds share similar design goals but differ in key aspects.
Ballistics: The 5.45x39mm round has slightly lower muzzle velocity but compensates with a heavier projectile. Its bullet design emphasizes tumbling upon impact, creating devastating wounds.
Recoil: Both cartridges have low recoil, but the 5.45x39mm offers slightly softer shooting, making it easier to control during rapid fire.
Cost: Surplus 5.45x39mm ammunition is often more affordable than 5.56mm, though availability can vary depending on import regulations.
Platform Options: While the 5.56mm is widely used in AR-15 platforms, the 5.45x39mm is primarily associated with AK-pattern rifles, offering a unique shooting experience.
Why Russia Replaced 7.62x39mm
The Soviet shift from 7.62x39mm to 5.45x39mm was driven by a need for modernized performance.
Weight Savings: Soldiers could carry more 5.45x39mm rounds compared to 7.62x39mm, enhancing combat endurance.
Reduced Recoil: The lighter recoil of 5.45x39mm improved accuracy in automatic fire, especially during sustained engagements.
Improved Ballistics: The higher velocity and flatter trajectory of the 5.45x39mm made it more effective at longer ranges.
Tactical Edge: The round’s tumbling effect increased lethality without the need for a larger caliber.
This transition mirrored NATO’s move from larger rounds like the .308 Winchester (7.62x51mm) to smaller intermediate cartridges for greater efficiency in modern warfare.
Accuracy
The 5.45x39mm round is recognized for its inherent accuracy. Its lightweight bullet and high velocity produce a flat trajectory, minimizing bullet drop at extended ranges.
When paired with the AK-74, the cartridge offers consistent performance up to 500 meters, though it remains effective beyond that in skilled hands. Compared to the older 7.62x39mm, the 5.45x39mm has significantly reduced bullet drift, making it more predictable in various shooting conditions.
For civilian shooters, the round’s low recoil and steady ballistics make it ideal for target shooting and competitions. With quality ammunition and a properly maintained rifle, the 5.45x39mm can deliver impressive precision.
Advantages Over Other Intermediate Cartridges
The 5.45x39mm holds several advantages when compared to other intermediate cartridges, including the 7.62x39mm and 5.56mm NATO.
Low Recoil: Its softer recoil allows for faster follow-up shots and better control, particularly in rapid-fire scenarios.
Terminal Ballistics: The unique bullet design creates severe wounds by tumbling upon impact, enhancing lethality.
Weight Efficiency: Lighter ammunition means soldiers or shooters can carry more rounds without extra burden.
Cost-Effectiveness: Surplus availability has historically made the 5.45x39mm an economical option for military and civilian users alike.
Platform Performance: When used in AK-74 rifles, the cartridge benefits from the platform’s legendary reliability and durability.